The descriptions below were collected and compiled in the early ’90’s by Dan Questenberry. The origin story of the term intentional community can be found at the bottom. Bios for each of the contributors have been left largely as they were when this was first published. Full bio for Dan below.
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An “intentional community” is a group of people dedicated with intent, purpose, and commitment to a mutual concern. Generally the group shares land or housing, or is otherwise close enough geographically to be in continuous active fellowship so that it can effectively carry out the purposes to which it is dedicated.
–Harvey Baker,of Dunmire Hollow, has lived in his Tennessee community since 1974.
An “intentional community” is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose, working cooperatively to create a lifestyle that reflects their shared core values. The people may live together on a piece of rural land, a suburban home, or in an urban neighborhood, and they may share a single residence or live in a cluster of dwellings.
–Geoph Kozeny, a ten-year resident of Stardance in San Francisco (since renamed Purple Rose), has been traveling among and photographing North American intentional communities since 1988. A full-time networker, he has worked and presented slide show/lectures in hundreds of communities and worker cooperatives over the years.
…a group of people who come together deliberately in a residential situation around a specific vision, agenda or shared values. Certainly there are communities that adhere to the latter criteria whose members do not live together; however, when we think of intentional communities, it seems to imply being residential.
Within the term intentional community, we make two distinctions: “public” or “homesteading.” Public intentional communities are dedicated to public service, outreach, educational programs, events, and networking. Such groups are broad, even global, in scope. Because interfacing with mainstream society is an essential counterpoint to experimenting with a more ideal way to live, at least some members of public communities must be in dialogue with visitors, researchers, and media representatives.
“Homesteading” communities coalesce with perhaps the same vision of living together with real caring for each other as in the public groups. However, homesteaders are not so open to visitors and have no public programs. They want, perhaps, to create a small Utopia, protected and isolated from mainstream society.
–Lisa Paulson, Windwatch newsletter editor at High Wind in Wisconsin, has lived in that community for over 14 years.
“Intentional community”…(has) its own clear borders and membership. Some people call it a “utopian” community. The essential element in any intentional community, ours included, is that people who want to live in it will have to join, be accepted by those who already live there, and go by its rules and norms, which may in some ways differ from those in society at large.
–Kat Kinkade, a founding member of Twin Oaks (VA), East Wind (MO), and Acorn (VA), just wrote a new book about her community experiences, Is It Utopia Yet?
Intentional community is an association displaying two primary characteristics. First, the members of the group maintain some level of common agreements, such as choosing a name for themselves and a system of governance. Second, the group carries on some collective actions, for example sharing a common residential property and usually other material assets. Essentially, any association may call itself an “intentional community” by common agreement. The lack of such an agreement results in an association being termed a “circumstantial community,” which is similar to nations, cities, towns, or neighborhoods where individuals live in proximity by chance, and may or may not actively choose to be a part of the association imposed upon them. Both intentional and circumstantial communities can at times function as the other, depending upon their degree of common agreement and community action.
I like a description that distinguishes intentional communities from other social, religious, or business organizations — a description useful for demographic studies of the communities movement:An “intentional community” is a group of people living cooperatively, dedicated by intent and commitment to specific communal values and goals. Life inside each community is managed using established decision-making processes. Generally, intentional communities place high value on the shared ownership or lease of common facilities — housing, land, commercial buildings — which often serves to demonstrate communal values and goals to the wider society. A “group house,” or “extended family,” is a smaller intentional community with members residing in a single-family dwelling, and often using casual decision-making processes, especially in the smallest groups.
—Allen Butcher, a former member of East Wind and Twin Oaks, is a long-time student of intentional community economics.
When this was a small gathering of people it was very easy for us to experience community here; everyone worked with everybody else, we knew everyone’s first name, we were together through the day and we had sanctuary all together. As the community grew, jobs became more specialized and people worked further afield, and being together became more difficult. Then the quality that makes community had to arise from something more than just physical proximity and daily encounter. …Community is not something that is created when people come together and live together, rather it is something that is preexistent and we can awaken to it. There is never a time when we are not in community, and our practice is to awaken to that experience of communion.
–David Spangler, one of the early members of Findhorn, has written and lectured about intentional community for decades.
Communities Describe Community
The following descriptions were among the many submitted by groups with their listing information for creating this Directory.
…a group of cooperating nonrelated humans, living by their own choice on one piece of land or in one house, for reasons which go beyond mere convenience — for at least some of the members. 10/30/92
–Matt Bojanovich, Adirondack Herbs, Broadalbin, New York
This may seem like a frivolous answer, but I think it works as a definition. When I try to think what all “communities” — intentional, traditional, tribal, neighborhood…have in common, the only one I can put a finger on is gossip — in a positive sense ….Communities are groups of people who care enough about each other to constantly monitor each other’s lives, find them interesting, want to know and help and support. 10/1/93
–Linda Woodrow, Black Horse Creek, Kyogle, Australia
We define a community as a group of people who live together and eat together and plan their future together.
- –R.G. Faithfull, Braziers Park School of Integrative Social Research, Oxon, England
- Implicit in the term is an area or territory, a certain ideological, racial, economic, and/or political characteristic that separates it from other neighboring groups; and a higher degree of interpersonal contact and relationship between members. A community is a distinct social, economic, and political organism.–Rodolfo Rosase, Comunidad Arcoiris, Mexico D.F., Mexico
- A small group of close friends living close together with common agreements and goals.–Forest, Earth Re-Leaf, Naalehu, Hawaii
- A community is a group of people who cooperate to serve God with work, worship, and love. At Gita Nagari, we try to show the natural sweet relationship between the land, the animals, humanity, and God. We milk cows, work oxen, school our children, and try to live life in the spirit of Krishna’s Bhagavad Gita, India’s Song of God.
- –Suresvara Dasa, Gita Nagari Village, Port Royal, Pennsylvania
- Community is a shared intention. We are a community because we share our intentions to nurture and protect water with others of like intent. The core of our community is defined by the ethos we choose to achieve our goals.–Tony Nenninger, Goodwater Community, Bourbon, Missouri
- Community isn’t a place. It is a feeling among people of wanting to be together.–Bob Brown, Kidstown, Middletown, California
- Living and working together cooperatively, making decisions by consensus, common economy.
–Dieter Bensmann, Kommune Niederkaufungen, Kaufungen, Germany
- People who have commitment to live and work together for larger social purpose. (Generally we do — but with a lot of transient people.)–Jeff Moore, L’Arche — Homefires, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Communities are replacements for extended families for people who have lost touch with their biological extended families or whose families cannot offer a loving environment.–Kathy Moody, Laurel Hill Plantation, Natchez, Mississippi
- Any group of animals that interact toward a specific or nonspecific goal — similar orientation in time and space — communication — deliberate social survival ethics.–Patrick Kimmons, Moonshadow, Whitwell, Tennessee
- Community, like love, is so craved, adored, and over-used, it seems to have lost meaning, except as a kind of political/new-age slogan. We’re becoming interested in more specific words, such as cooperative business, support group, neighborhood, and even commune.–Niche (a common definition by the group), Tucson, Arizona
- An interdependent, cooperative grouping of aligned humans, animals, plants, earth energies, and benevolent multidimensional beings who together comprise a sensitive, sustainable ecosystem. (We’re working on it!)–Mariah Wentworth, Rainbow Hearth Sanctuary, Burnet, Texas
- A group of people who share values, goals, commitments, and hopefully living space and food. A group of mutual respect and support.
–Marein Whitman, ReJenneration, Jenner, California
- A group of people working together for a shared goal — housing, employment, food, energy, etc. — on a common land area.–John Burke, S.E.A.D.S. of Truth, Harrington, Maine
- A true community, in my view, has many of the elements of the archetypal community — the family. Thus a community has clear relationships, commitment, physical proximity, common values, and a goal of goals that unite them. At least. The first three are basic.–Sky Jasper, The Sky Jahnna, Idyllwild, California
- –“Intentional community” means a group of people of similar or like attitudes, goals, outlook, and worldview that is comprehensive in its functions, including residential or housing provision and work opportunities actually utilized by members for subsistence production of at least some of their necessities. The group’s decision-making process is considered as important as its goals and is open to all members.John H. Affolter, Teramanto, Renton, Washington
Intentional Community: The Origin of the Name
Amazingly, the term “intentional community” can be traced directly to a point of origin. Al Andersen, President of the Fellowship of Intentional Communities in 1960 (The Fellowship was reincorporated in its present form in 1986, with a name change to the more expansive Foundation for Intentional Community.) wrote this in 1993, as part of a eulogy for Griscom Morgan:
…in his book, The Small Community…Arthur Morgan explains that he considered the small community to be the “seedbed of society,” a seedbed that has been permitted largely to go into decay because of neglect and lack of appreciation for its value….It is clear that both Griscom and his father were not only interested in reviving and energizing “community” in more conventional society, but also in the experimental frontiers represented by the various intentional communities which sprang up during and immediately after World War II, though they were initially called “cooperative communities.”
In order to promote interest in (small) community, Arthur Morgan founded Community Service, Inc., in 1940. By the mid-’40s…(he founded) the annual Small Community Conference. It was in the course of working at Community Service that I became aware of… Celo (NC) and other cooperative communities (Macedonia-GA, Bruderhof-NY, Bryn Gweled-PA, Tanguy-PA)….I immediately approached Griscom with the idea of inviting members of these various cooperative communities to a gathering of their own, perhaps immediately following the next Small Community Conference. That must have been about 1948, or possibly 1949…
Individuals did come, from Celo, Macedonia and other groups. Art Wiser from Macedonia (now a leader in the Rifton, NY, Bruderhof Community) showed exceptional interest. So much so that he assumed leadership of the new organization of cooperative communities initiated at that time.
…the cooperative community movement had…(a pioneering) role in the larger society….It was the role of establishing…a new global society, from the ground up. Accordingly, the new organization was initially called the Inter-Community Exchange. It soon became apparent, however, that the thing that the various cooperative communities had to exchange, and that others needed, was primarily fellowship. Almost simultaneously, the concept of “intentionality” came into play. Thus, the name of these groups was changed from “cooperative communities” to “intentional communities.” The combination of these two changes led to the name change to Fellowship of Intentional Communities. As far as we know, that is the first appearance of the term.
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Dan Questenberry is one of the incorporators of the Foundation for Intentional Community in 1986 and served on the FIC’s administrative committee and Board for many years. He’s a former treasurer of School of Living and a long term member of Shannon Farm in Nelson County, VA. His interest in other intentional communities and movement demographics started simply, with visitor work at Shannon Farm beginning when he first joined in 1976.
